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Biografia David Lewis
David Lewis
Modifica bioCronologia

David Lewis (nato il 28 Settembre 1941, morto il 14 Ottobre 14 2001, all'eta' di 60 anni.) e' famoso soprattutto per il suo "Realismo Modale", la teoria secondo cui i mondi possibili non sono soltanto un apparato concettuale per spiegare la possibilita' e la necessita', ma sono entita' concrete e reali come lo e' il nostro stesso universo. Lewis ha anche avanzato teorie innovative sulle leggi scientifiche, la probabilita', la causalita', l'identita', le teorie funzionali nella mente, la convenzione linguistica e una grande varietà di altri argomenti. Insieme, le sue idee in campi cosi' disparati formano un grandioso quadro onnicomprensivo , e molti dei suoi ammiratori lo considerano uno dei piu' grandi metafisici di questi (e forse di tutti) i tempi. Nato a Oberlin, Ohio, Lewis era studente nello Swathmore College,Pennsylvania, inizialmente in chimica. Mentre trascorreva un semestre a Oxford, frequento' le lezioni di Gilbert Ryle, che aveva messo in discussione l'esistenza della mente in un libro assai controverso, "The concept of Mind". Lewis ne fu cosi' entusiasta che decise di cambiare materia e dedicarsi alla filosofia appena tornatato in America. Dopo la laurea nel 1964, comincio' il dottorato ad Harvard sotto la supervisione del di Willard Orman Quine. Fin da quando era ricercatore, Lewis ebbe un enorme influenza nel mondo filosofico. La teoria allora dibatutta che aveva sostituito il comportamentismo analitico di Ryle sosteneva che gli stati mentali, in ultima analisi, non sono altro che processi fisici nel cervello. J. J. C. Smart, uno degli iniziatori della teoria dell'identita' degli stati fisici e mentali, visito' Harvard nela meta' degli anni 60: "Ho insegnato a David Lewis," dira' successivamente, "o meglio, David Lewis ha insegnato a me". (Da cui l'espressione, divenuta proveribiale, che "Lewis outsmarted Smart"). Nel 1966, un anno prima di ottenere il dottorato, Lewis scrive l'articolo "Un Argomento per la Teoria dell'Identita", che migliorava considerevolmente la posizione di Smart. Com'e' tipico di Lewis, non solo ha penetrato il cuore della questione, ma la anche sviluppata in una direzione del tutto nuova e originale. Nel tentativo di respingere l'obiezione del dualismo del senso comune secondo cui "le esperienze sono non-fisiche e fisicamente inefficaci" ha sostenuto che le esperienze dovrebbe essere (e in fatti lo sono implicitamente) definite in termini di quel che fa tipicamente da intermediario tra le cause di certi stimoli e gl i effetti di certi comportamenti. Il dolore, per esempio, e' "qualsiasi cosa" leghi un certo input sensoriale (un pugno in un occhio, per es.) a un outpout comportamentale (piangere , urlare, ecc.) e ad altri stati mentali (desiderio impellente di sopprimere la causa del dolore). La neuroscienza alla fine mostrera' che quel "qualsiasi cosa" causale e' un particolare stato neurochimico del cervello, proprio come (scrive Lewis nell'articolo 1972, "Psychophysical and Theoretical Identifications) un detective che conosce dettagliamente i ruoli--ma non le identita'--dei cospiratori coinvolti in un omicidio alla fine sara' in grado di stabilire con esattezza l'identita' dei cospiratori. Allo stesso tempo Lewis stava reimpostando il dibattito in tutte le altre aree della filsosofia analitica. Nel 1966, "Convention, A Philosophical Study" (la sua tesi di dottorato) copre terreno inesplorato nella filosofia del linguaggio, e resta un lavoro di enorme rilievo. Conseguito il dottorato, diventa assistente nell'Universita' di California, Los Angeles, professore associato a Princeton nel 1970, e professore tre anni dopo. In "Controfattuali" (1973) e in molti articoli pubblicati prima del libro, ha elaborato la sua controversa teoria del realismo modale, che si esprime con pienezza in "La Pluralita' dei Mondi" (1986). Da quando Leibniz per primo formulo' l'idea nel XVII secolo, i filosofi hanno sempre trattato i mondi possibili come una nozione puramente concettuale, utile per spiegare i concetti della possibilita' e necessita'. Tutto cio' che possiamo concepire coerentemente puo' essere considerato un "mondo possibile" (o una parte di un mondo possibile), ma se qualcosa e' necessariamente vero, allora e' vero in tutti i mondi possibili. Ma secondo Lewis i mondi possibili non sono puramente concettuali, ma reali--esistono nello stesso modo in cui esiste il nostro universo, e non sono da esso diversi se non nei dettagli di cio' che vi accade. "Gli abitanti di altri mondi possono veridicamente chiamare il proprio mondo attuale, se per 'attuale' intendono cio' che intendiamo noi", proprio come "gli abitanti di altri tempi possono chiamare il loro tempo presente, se per 'presente' intendono cio' che intendiamo noi". Dopo tutto, "il nostro tempo presente e' soltanto uno tra tanti". "Attuale" dunque e' sullo stesso piano di "io", "qui" e "ora": cio' a cui si riferisce dipende da chi lo dice e dal mondo in cui e' detto. E' questa la cosiddetta "Teoria Indessicale dell'Attualita'". Per quanto riguarda i controfattuali--i condizionali ipotetici che vertono su cio' che avrebbe potuto essere---il controfattuale "Se la guardia non avesse attivato l'allarme, sarebbe stata uccisa", per esempio, e' vero se e solo esiste un mondo possibile in cui la guardia non attiva l'allarme ed e' uccisa, che e' piu' simile al nostro mondo di tutti quelli in cui la guardia non attiva l'allarme e non e' uccisa. Naturalmente, la guardia che viene uccisa in un altro mondo e' soltanto una controparte del suo equivalente nel mondo attuale, anche se entrambe giocano ruoli simili nei loro rispettivi mondi. ("Logica delle Controparti"). Non c'e' nessuna connessione spaziale, temporale o causale tra mondi possibili alternativi e il nostro. Postulare la realta' dei mondi possibili vuol dire proiettare la metafisica al di fuori della logica, e quando Lewis difendeva questa posizione veniva guardato con un "incredulous stare"--uno sguardo incredulo. Questa espressione e' diventata una specie di proverbiale espressione filosofica, nonche' il titolo di una sezione della "Pluralita' dei Mondi". Eppure, nonostante "lo sguardo incredulo" dei suoi oppositori, il realismo sui mondi possibili, secondo Lewis, e' l'unico modo effi cace per attribuire un senso e un'interpretazione alla logica modale.

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David Lewis
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