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Biografia Kabir
Kabir
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Kabir nacque nel 1440 nell' India settenrionale in un' umile famiglia di tessitori musulmani, pur da poco convertiti. Secondo la tradizione segu come discepolo il Guru Ramananda, un saggio vishnuita devoto a Rama. Fu quindi educato a concepire lIslam e lInduismo come due vie convergenti verso ununica verit. Divenne mistico, poeta e musicista celebre per il disprezzo che manifestava vigorosamente verso le rigorose affiliazioni religiose; sono numerose le sue esortazioni a ignorare tanto il Corano quanto i Veda per seguire semplicemente la via Sahaj, ossia la naturale unit in Dio. Pur credendo in concetti vedantici quale l'Atman, Kabir rifiut l'ortodossia della societ castale ind e l'adorazione di idoli. La sua opera principale Bijak, Seme. Questa raccolta di poemi mostra la personale visione di spiritualit universale di Kabir. In questi, spuntano chiarissime idee sufi e della Bhakti ind sulla comprensione di Dio. Kabir si esprimeva in un hindi molto popolare, semplice e chiaro, come il suo pensiero filosofico. La maggior parte dei suoi canti venne raccolta da Guru Nanak, fondatore della religione Sikh, ed inserita nel Guru Granth Sahib, libro sacro dei Sikh che raccoglie il pensiero di uomini santi di varie religioni a cui questo credo offre stesso rispetto e devozione. Si crede che Kabir fosse analfabeta. Alla sua morte, nel 1518, ind e musulmani si contesero il corpo per i riti funebri. La leggenda vuole che, quando sollevarono il sudario che lo ricopriva, trovarono al suo posto solo fiori. I musulmani ne seppellirono met e gli ind cremarono l'altra parte. A Maghar, nei pressi di Gorakhpur nell' Uttar Pradesh, la tomba e il memoriale della cremazione sorgono fianco a fianco. Kabir anche considerato la figura chiave della tradizione Sants. Fu un movimento di maestri indiani la cui origine in realt risale al XIII secolo e che si inserisce nel movimento Bhakti. I loro insegnamenti vertevano verso la devozione per un unico principio divino e verso un egualitarismo sociale opposto alle distinzioni castali e religiose della societ indiana dell'epoca. Il termine Sant deriva dal sanscrito Sat ( verit, realt) e possiede molti significati a seconda del contesto, ma in origine significava colui che conosce la verit, la realt ultima. Questo termine ha assunto il significato generale di "brava persona" ma si assegna specificamente ai poeti - santi del medioevo indiano. Alcuni dei nomi pi noti di questo movimento furono Namdev (1350), Kabir, Nanak, Mirabai, Surdas e Tulsidas(1623). Formalmente solo una piccola minoranza di ind segu questo movimento mistico - religioso, ma la sua tradizione ha considerevolmente influenzato la cultura indiana, attraversando sette e caste. La tradizione Sant l' unica della storia che abbia con successo attraversato le barriere religiose tra ind e musulmani. Nel nostro secolo fu Rabindranath Tagore a riscoprire la validit perenne degli insegnamenti di Kabir e laltezza della sua poesia. E fu ancora Tagore a diffondere in Occidente la conoscenza di Kabir attraverso una magistrale traduzione in inglese dei suoi Canti, che diventarono ben presto un vero e proprio libro di culto.

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