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John Toland

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Biografia John Toland
John Toland
Modifica bioCronologia

Il filosofo deista e panteista irlandese John Toland (nome in celtico: Seán Ó Tuathhalláin), nato, come figlio illegittimo di un prete cattolico, a Redcastle (o a Inishowen), vicino a Londonderry, nell'Ulster, il 30 novembre 1670, fu educato nella religione cattolica, ma si convertì al protestantesimo, diventando presbiteriano all'età di 16 anni. In seguito egli studiò in Scozia, a Glasgow ed ad Edimburgo, dove si laureò nel 1690, in Olanda, a Leida ed ad Utrecht, e in Boemia, a Praga. Ritornato in Inghilterra, T. si stabilì ad Oxford, dove pubblicò nel 1696 il suo più famoso lavoro Christianity not mysterious (Il Cristianesimo senza misteri), che suscitò un enorme scandalo e mise nei guai l'autore, criticato senza riserve da parte della Chiesa anglicana e condannato dal Gran Giurì del Middlesex. T. pensò quindi di ritirarsi in Irlanda, ma qui lo scandalo, suscitato dal suo libro, fu anche maggiore: nel 1697 lo scritto fu condannato al rogo e l'autore dovette fuggire prima del suo arresto [ben peggio andò allo studente scozzese di medicina Thomas Aitkenhead (1679-1697), che, nello stesso anno, fu bruciato vivo ad Edimburgo, per aver messo in discussione il dogma della Trinità]. Ritornato, affranto e squattrinato, in Inghilterra, T. cercò i favori dei principi tedeschi della dinastia Hanover e la protezione della duchessa di Brunswick e principessa elettrice, Sophie (1630-1714), ad un certo punto indicata come possibile futura pretendente, in quanto nipote del re Giacomo I (1566-1625), alla corona d'Inghilterra, dopo l'eventuale morte della regina Anna (1702-1714): ironia della sorte Sophie morì due mesi prima di Anna e il figlio Georg Ludwig fu dunque il primo rampollo della dinastia Hanover a diventare re d'Inghilterra con il nome di Giorgio I (1714-1727). Sotto la protezione di Sophie e, soprattutto, della figlia Sophie Charlotte (1668-1705), regina di Prussia dal 1701, T. si recò in Germania, a Berlino, dove tenne un ciclo di conferenze, scrisse le Lettere a Serena (pubblicate nel 1704 con dedica alla regina Sophie Charlotte) e conobbe il famoso filosofo Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Rientrato in Inghilterra, T. non fu mai più riaccettato dall'entourage anglicano (nonostante una dichiarazione ufficiale di adesione alla Chiesa d'Inghilterra), a causa del suo passato eretico e visse quindi un'esistenza di stenti, essendo spesso obbligato a scrivere, sotto lo pseudonimo di John Roberts, libelli politici e religiosi di cui non condivideva i contenuti, ma che purtroppo erano essenziali per il suo sostentamento economico. Trovò comunque il tempo anche di redigere testi in favore del diritto di parola, delle libertà civili e di un Cristianesimo illuminato, come Nazarenus del 1718 e Tetradymus del 1720 o violenti libelli contro il papato, come The Probability of the Speedy and Final Destruction of the Pope (La probabilità della distruzione del Papa veloce e decisiva) del 1718, indubbiamente influenzato dallo Spaccio della Bestia Trionfante di Giordano Bruno. Dal 1718 egli alloggiò modestamente presso un falegname di Putney (un sobborgo di Londra), dove spese il resto dei suoi giorni, oppresso dalla povertà, dall'alcool e dai debiti, e dove morì a causa di complicanze dovute a calcoli renali nel 1722.

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Ultimi libri pubblicati di
John Toland
Remarks on The State Anatomy of Great Britain: In a Letter to a Member of Parliament ..
Remarks on The State Anatomy of Great Britain: In a Letter to a Member of Parliament ..
A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland: The Life of Mr. Toland [By Desmaizeaux]. the History of the Druids. Cicero Illustratus. De ... Worlds. Books Ascribed to the Apostle
A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland: The Life of Mr. Toland [By Desmaizeaux]. the History of the Druids. Cicero Illustratus. De ... Worlds. Books Ascribed to the Apostle
The Oceana, And Other Works Of James Harrington, Esq
The Oceana, And Other Works Of James Harrington, Esq
The State-anatomy Of Great Britain: Containing A Particular Account Of Its Several Interests And Parties, ... Being A Memorial Sent By An Intimate ... Nominated To Come For The Court Of England
The State-anatomy Of Great Britain: Containing A Particular Account Of Its Several Interests And Parties, ... Being A Memorial Sent By An Intimate ... Nominated To Come For The Court Of England
The Oceana
The Oceana
Remarks on The State Anatomy of Great Britain: In a Letter to a Member of Parliament ..
Remarks on The State Anatomy of Great Britain: In a Letter to a Member of Parliament ..
The Life of John Milton: Containing, Besides the History of His Works, Several Extraordinary Characters of Men, and Books, Sects, Parties, and ... a Defense of Milton's Life (Classic Reprint)
The Life of John Milton: Containing, Besides the History of His Works, Several Extraordinary Characters of Men, and Books, Sects, Parties, and ... a Defense of Milton's Life (Classic Reprint)
Studien zur Geschichte des neueren Protestantismus.
Studien zur Geschichte des neueren Protestantismus.
Gli ultimi cento giorni
Gli ultimi cento giorni
Letters to Serena
Letters to Serena
1918. Storia di un anno che decise le sorti della Grande guerra
1918. Storia di un anno che decise le sorti della Grande guerra
The Sentiments of the Old Whigs Upon a Place-Bill: In Two Parts (Classic Reprint)
The Sentiments of the Old Whigs Upon a Place-Bill: In Two Parts (Classic Reprint)
Nazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity: Containing the History of the Ancient Gospel of Barnabas, and the Modern Gospel of the ... Being Now First Made Known Among Christians
Nazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity: Containing the History of the Ancient Gospel of Barnabas, and the Modern Gospel of the ... Being Now First Made Known Among Christians
Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews in Great Britain and Ireland: On the Same Foot With All Other Nations; Containing Also, a Defence of the Jews ... Prejudices in All Countries (Classic Reprint)
Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews in Great Britain and Ireland: On the Same Foot With All Other Nations; Containing Also, a Defence of the Jews ... Prejudices in All Countries (Classic Reprint)
Dunkirk or Dover: Or, the Queen's Honour, the Nation's Safety, the Liberties of Europe, and the Peace of the World, All at Stake Till That Fort and ... Demolish'd by the French (Classic Reprint)
Dunkirk or Dover: Or, the Queen's Honour, the Nation's Safety, the Liberties of Europe, and the Peace of the World, All at Stake Till That Fort and ... Demolish'd by the French (Classic Reprint)
A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, Vol. 1: With Some Memoirs of His Life and Writings (Classic Reprint)
A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, Vol. 1: With Some Memoirs of His Life and Writings (Classic Reprint)
Letters to Serena: Containing, I. the Origin and Force of Prejudices, Ii.The History of the Soul's Immortality Among the Heathens, Iii. the Origin of ... to a Gentleman in Holland, Showing Spinosa's
Letters to Serena: Containing, I. the Origin and Force of Prejudices, Ii.The History of the Soul's Immortality Among the Heathens, Iii. the Origin of ... to a Gentleman in Holland, Showing Spinosa's
Christianity Not Mysterious: Or, a Treatise Shewing, That There Is Nothing in the Gospel Contrary to Reason, Nor Above It. to Which Is Added, an Apology for Mr. Toland
Christianity Not Mysterious: Or, a Treatise Shewing, That There Is Nothing in the Gospel Contrary to Reason, Nor Above It. to Which Is Added, an Apology for Mr. Toland
The Jacobitism, Perjury and Popery of High-church Priests
The Jacobitism, Perjury and Popery of High-church Priests
Pantheisticon: Or, the Form of Celebrating the Socratic-Society. Divided Into Three Parts. Which Contain, I. the Morals and Axioms of the Pantheists; ... Liberty, and a Law, Neither Deceiving, Nor
Pantheisticon: Or, the Form of Celebrating the Socratic-Society. Divided Into Three Parts. Which Contain, I. the Morals and Axioms of the Pantheists; ... Liberty, and a Law, Neither Deceiving, Nor
A Critical History of the Celtic Religion and Learning Containing An Account of the Druids
A Critical History of the Celtic Religion and Learning Containing An Account of the Druids
The Oceana of James Harrington, esq; and his Other Works: With an Account of his Life Prefix'd
The Oceana of James Harrington, esq; and his Other Works: With an Account of his Life Prefix'd
The Life of John Milton: Containing, Besides the History of His Works, Several Extraordinary Characters of Men, and Books, Sects, Parties, and Opinions: With Amyntor; Or, a Defense of Milton's Life
The Life of John Milton: Containing, Besides the History of His Works, Several Extraordinary Characters of Men, and Books, Sects, Parties, and Opinions: With Amyntor; Or, a Defense of Milton's Life
Tetradymus : Containing I. Hodegus; Or, The Pillar Of Cloud And Fire, That Guided The Israelites In The Wilderness, Not Miraculous: Containing I. ... ... and in Those Places Not Onely Useful But N
Tetradymus : Containing I. Hodegus; Or, The Pillar Of Cloud And Fire, That Guided The Israelites In The Wilderness, Not Miraculous: Containing I. ... ... and in Those Places Not Onely Useful But N
The Life of John Milton (Classic Reprint)
The Life of John Milton (Classic Reprint)
A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, Now First Publish'd From His Original Manuscripts, Vol. 2: With Some Memoirs of His Life and Writings (Classic Reprint)
A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, Now First Publish'd From His Original Manuscripts, Vol. 2: With Some Memoirs of His Life and Writings (Classic Reprint)
Christianity not Mysterious (Christentum ohne Geheimnis) 1696
Christianity not Mysterious (Christentum ohne Geheimnis) 1696
The Miscellaneous Works of Mr. John Toland, Now First Published From His Original Manuscripts ...: The History of the Druids. Cicero Illustratus. De ... Worlds. Books Ascribed to the Apost
The Miscellaneous Works of Mr. John Toland, Now First Published From His Original Manuscripts ...: The History of the Druids. Cicero Illustratus. De ... Worlds. Books Ascribed to the Apost
Tetradymus: Containing I. Hodegus; Or, the Pillar of Cloud and Fire, That Guided the Israelites in the Wilderness, Not Miraculous: But, As Faithfully ... and in Those Places Not Onely Useful But N
Tetradymus: Containing I. Hodegus; Or, the Pillar of Cloud and Fire, That Guided the Israelites in the Wilderness, Not Miraculous: But, As Faithfully ... and in Those Places Not Onely Useful But N
I. Reasons for Addressing His Majesty to Invite Into England Their Highnesses, the Electress Dowager and the Electoral Prince of Hanover: And ... of Wales, and All Others Pretending Any Cl
I. Reasons for Addressing His Majesty to Invite Into England Their Highnesses, the Electress Dowager and the Electoral Prince of Hanover: And ... of Wales, and All Others Pretending Any Cl
The Jacobitism, Perjury and Popery of High-church Priests
The Jacobitism, Perjury and Popery of High-church Priests
The Jacobitism, Perjury and Popery of High-church Priests
The Jacobitism, Perjury and Popery of High-church Priests
Miscellaneous Works now First Published From his Original Manuscripts. To the Whole is Prefixed a Copious Account of Mr. Toland's Life and Writings by Mr. Des Maizeaux; Volume 2
Miscellaneous Works now First Published From his Original Manuscripts. To the Whole is Prefixed a Copious Account of Mr. Toland's Life and Writings by Mr. Des Maizeaux; Volume 2
Miscellaneous Works now First Published From his Original Manuscripts. To the Whole is Prefixed a Copious Account of Mr. Toland's Life and Writings by Mr. Des Maizeaux; Volume 2
Miscellaneous Works now First Published From his Original Manuscripts. To the Whole is Prefixed a Copious Account of Mr. Toland's Life and Writings by Mr. Des Maizeaux; Volume 2
Le christianisme sans mysteres: Un livre anticlerical interdit
Le christianisme sans mysteres: Un livre anticlerical interdit
Pantheisticon
Pantheisticon
The Art of Restoring, or the Piety and Probity of General Monk in Bringing About the Last Restoration, Evidenced From His Original Letters: With a ... in a Letter to a Minister of State, at th
The Art of Restoring, or the Piety and Probity of General Monk in Bringing About the Last Restoration, Evidenced From His Original Letters: With a ... in a Letter to a Minister of State, at th
Lettres Philosophiques sur l'Origine des Préjugés, du Dogme de l'Immortalité de l'Ame, de l'Idolâtrie Et de la Superstition: Sur le Systême de Spinosa ... Mouvement dans la Matière (Classic Reprint)
Lettres Philosophiques sur l'Origine des Préjugés, du Dogme de l'Immortalité de l'Ame, de l'Idolâtrie Et de la Superstition: Sur le Systême de Spinosa ... Mouvement dans la Matière (Classic Reprint)
Hitler Reportaż biograficzny
Hitler Reportaż biograficzny
Tetradymus : Containing I. Hodegus; Or, The Pillar Of Cloud And Fire, That Guided The Israelites In The Wilderness, Not Miraculous: Containing I. ... and in Those Places Not Onely Useful But N
Tetradymus : Containing I. Hodegus; Or, The Pillar Of Cloud And Fire, That Guided The Israelites In The Wilderness, Not Miraculous: Containing I. ... and in Those Places Not Onely Useful But N
The Art of Restoring, or, The Piety and Probity of General Monk in Bringing About the Last Restoration ... With a Just Account of Sir Roger ... in a ... to a Minister of State at the Court of Vienna
The Art of Restoring, or, The Piety and Probity of General Monk in Bringing About the Last Restoration ... With a Just Account of Sir Roger ... in a ... to a Minister of State at the Court of Vienna
Adeisidaemon, Sive Titus Livius a Superstitione Vindicatus: In Qua Dissertatione Probatur, Livium Historicum in Sacris, Prodigiis, Et Ostentis ... Credulum Aut Superstitiosum (Classic Reprint)
Adeisidaemon, Sive Titus Livius a Superstitione Vindicatus: In Qua Dissertatione Probatur, Livium Historicum in Sacris, Prodigiis, Et Ostentis ... Credulum Aut Superstitiosum (Classic Reprint)
Dunkirk or Dover: Or, the Queen's Honour, the Nation's Safety, the Liberties of Europe, and the Peace of the World, All at Stake Till That Fort and ... Demolish'd by the French (Classic Reprint)
Dunkirk or Dover: Or, the Queen's Honour, the Nation's Safety, the Liberties of Europe, and the Peace of the World, All at Stake Till That Fort and ... Demolish'd by the French (Classic Reprint)
A Critical History of the Celtic Religion, and Learning: Containing an Account of the Druids; Or the Priests and Judges (Classic Reprint)
A Critical History of the Celtic Religion, and Learning: Containing an Account of the Druids; Or the Priests and Judges (Classic Reprint)
The State-Anatomy of Great Britain: Containing a Particular Account of Its Several Interests and Parties, Their Bent and Genius, and What Each of ... Fear From the Reign and Family of King George
The State-Anatomy of Great Britain: Containing a Particular Account of Its Several Interests and Parties, Their Bent and Genius, and What Each of ... Fear From the Reign and Family of King George

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